🐢 Movement
| forward N | move forward N pixels |
| back N | move backward N pixels |
| right A | turn right A degrees |
| left A | turn left A degrees |
| penup | lift pen (stop drawing) |
| pendown | lower pen (start drawing) |
| hideturtle | hide the turtle |
| showturtle | show the turtle |
| goto X Y | jump to math coordinate |
| axes E | draw axes, set :scale |
| fill N | flood-fill with color N |
🖼️ Layers
| foreground | activate animation layer (default) |
| background | activate static layer |
| cleardraw | clear active layer, turtle stays |
| clearscreen | clear both layers, go to center |
| wait N | pause N milliseconds |
-- Fixed axes + animated gear:
background axes 40 foreground
hideturtle
repeat 9999 [
cleardraw
penup goto 0 0 pendown
gear 70 12 14
wait 40
right 2
]
showturtle
📐 Expressions — use ( )
| ^ | power / exponent |
| sqrt( ) | square root |
| sin( ) cos( ) | degrees |
| abs( ) PI | absolute value / pi |
forward ( 3 ^ 2 + 4 ^ 2 ) ^ 0.5
goto ( :x * 40 ) ( 0 - ( :x ^ 2 ) * 40 )
📦 Variables
| set name 10 | create variable |
| forward :name | use variable |
| make name = :name + 5 | update variable |
set d 5
repeat 80 [ forward :d right 91 make d = :d + 2 ]
🔁 Repeat & Functions
-- Repeat a block:
repeat 6 [ forward 80 right 60 ]
-- Define a function:
to square :side
repeat 4 [ forward :side right 90 ]
end
-- Call it:
square 100
💡 Examples
-- Triangle
repeat 3 [ forward 150 right 120 ]
-- Five-pointed star
repeat 5 [ forward 100 right 144 ]
-- Polygon with N sides
to polygon :n :size
repeat :n [ forward :size right ( 360 / :n ) ]
end
-- Flower petal
to petal :size
repeat 90 [ forward :size right 1 ]
repeat 90 [ forward :size left 1 ]
end
to flower :size :n
repeat :n [ petal :size right ( 360 / :n ) ]
end